Wind turbulence

 Wind turbulence refers to the irregular or chaotic movement of air masses, often caused by various factors such as changes in wind speed, direction, temperature, or the presence of obstacles like mountains, buildings, or trees. In atmospheric sciences and aviation, turbulence can result in sudden, unpredictable changes in airflow, leading to bumpy conditions for aircraft or wind farms experiencing fluctuating power output.

There are different types of wind turbulence:

1. Mechanical turbulence: Caused by obstacles like buildings, hills, or mountains that disrupt smooth airflow, creating eddies and swirling air currents.

   

2. Thermal turbulence: Caused by uneven heating of the Earth's surface, which leads to rising warm air mixing with cooler air layers.

3. Shear turbulence: Occurs when wind speed or direction changes abruptly over a short distance, creating instability in the air.

In aviation, turbulence is classified into light, moderate, severe, and extreme, depending on its intensity and the impact on the aircraft.